Synthetic Green Quartz

(via ICA Early Warning Flash, No. 63, November 17, 1992) GIA GTL writes:

Background
At the Tucson Gem and Mineral shows in February of 1991, we noted dealers offering large quantities of synthetic quartz, reportedly of Russian origin. Among these was a transparent dark green type that visually resembles tourmaline. This green synthetic quartz was also being offered at the Tucson shows this past February; it was our impression that even more faceted material was being offered this year.

Recently, the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory, Inc in Santa Monica received for identification from two separate clients faceted specimens of what we identified as dark green synthetic quartz. In both cases, the material has been represented to our clients as a new type of natural green quartz from Brazil.

Gemological properties
Gemological testing revealed refractive indices, birefringence, and specific gravity consistent with quartz, both natural and synthetic. The specimens were inert to both long and short wave ultraviolet radiation.

Examination under immersion between crossed polaroids shows that the material was untwined, with a bulls eye optical interference figure. Under magnification we noted parallel green color banding similar to that seen in a reference sample of synthetic green quartz of Russian origin. Also noted was some angular brown color zoning that ran perpendicular to the green banding, a feature we have noted in other colors of hydrothermal synthetic quartz. One specimen also contained numerous tiny white pinpoint inclusions of undetermined origin.

Chemistry
Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence detected the presence of silicon, potassium, and iron. This differed only slightly from the chemistry of the synthetic green quartz reference specimen. It is believed that the iron detected is responsible for the green coloration.

Discussion
In the above cases, the client’s specimens were all identified as synthetic green quartz. It is important to note that, while green quartz does occur in nature (and is sometimes referred to as praseolite or prasiolita), such material is typically light in tone. To our knowledge, natural green quartz with this depth of color has not been reported.

Synthetic Green Quartz

(via ICA Early Warning Flash, No. 63, November 17, 1992) GIA GTL writes:

Background
At the Tucson Gem and Mineral shows in February of 1991, we noted dealers offering large quantities of synthetic quartz, reportedly of Russian origin. Among these was a transparent dark green type that visually resembles tourmaline. This green synthetic quartz was also being offered at the Tucson shows this past February; it was our impression that even more faceted material was being offered this year.

Recently, the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory, Inc in Santa Monica received for identification from two separate clients faceted specimens of what we identified as dark green synthetic quartz. In both cases, the material has been represented to our clients as a new type of natural green quartz from Brazil.

Gemological properties
Gemological testing revealed refractive indices, birefringence, and specific gravity consistent with quartz, both natural and synthetic. The specimens were inert to both long and short wave ultraviolet radiation.

Examination under immersion between crossed polaroids shows that the material was untwined, with a bulls eye optical interference figure. Under magnification we noted parallel green color banding similar to that seen in a reference sample of synthetic green quartz of Russian origin. Also noted was some angular brown color zoning that ran perpendicular to the green banding, a feature we have noted in other colors of hydrothermal synthetic quartz. One specimen also contained numerous tiny white pinpoint inclusions of undetermined origin.

Chemistry
Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence detected the presence of silicon, potassium, and iron. This differed only slightly from the chemistry of the synthetic green quartz reference specimen. It is believed that the iron detected is responsible for the green coloration.

Discussion
In the above cases, the client’s specimens were all identified as synthetic green quartz. It is important to note that, while green quartz does occur in nature (and is sometimes referred to as praseolite or prasiolita), such material is typically light in tone. To our knowledge, natural green quartz with this depth of color has not been reported.

Maxixe Type Beryls

(via ICA Early Warning Flash, No.72, July 29, 1993) Grahame Brown writes:

Preamble
Maxixe-type beryls are potentially color fading, strongly hued blue, green, blue green, yellow green, and yellow beryls that have been created by irradiation and selective heat treatment of previously pale to light colored beryl that has a very specific precursor color center.

Although the identifying features of color fading deep blue and deep green Maxixe-type beryls have been known since the early 1970s, little information has been published about the identifying features of color fading strongly hued greenish yellow to yellow green Maxixe-type beryls, or more importantly, somewhat color stable yellow Maxixe-type beryls.

While dark blue and less common dark green Maxixe-type beryls first appeared on world gem markets about 20 years ago, the recent appearance of well faceted, large size (<20 ct), eye clean, strongly hued greenish yellow, yellow green, and yellow Maxixe-type beryls may indicate renewed interest in the manufacture of these color enhanced beryls.

Identification
Irrespective of color, or whether or not the rough has or has not been oriented to display best color through the table of the faceted beryl, Maxixe-type beryls can be identified by:

An essential first step:
Using a conoscope, or equivalent gemological instrument such as a Snow Figure-O-Scope to accurately locate the optic axis (direction of single refraction or direction of the ordinary ray) in the suspect beryl.

As essential second step:
Examine the beryl, in the direction of its ordinary ray, with a hand-held dichroscope. If the beryl is a Maxixe-type, two adjacent dark color (of equal strength) will be observed. In contrast, if the beryl is a naturally colored aquamarine or heliodor, two light color (of equal strength) will be observed.

A confirmatory third step:
Examine the beryl, in the direction of its ordinary ray, with a prism or diffraction grating spectroscope. If the beryl is not examined, precisely along the direction of its ordinary ray, identifying Maxixe-type absorptions, that consist of a distinctive pattern of narrow absorptions of varying strength between 700nm (red) and 550nm (green), may not be observed.

Fade testing by exposing the suspect beryl to intense sunlight for more than a week, or by heating it for 30 minutes at 200-450 F, or by exposing it to a 100 W incandescent light bulb for 150 hours at a distance of 15cm, is an undesirable, destructive form of gem testing.

Consequently this ultimate test of fading potential is unlikely to be applied, except in the research laboratory.

However, in spite of this obvious limitation, fade testing does not provide the ultimate test for color stability. Under any of the fade testing conditions specified above:
Deep blue Maxixe-type beryls do not fade rapidly, and dramatically.
Greenish yellow to yellow green Maxixe-type beryls essentially loose their greenish component and fade to a yellowish hue.
Yellow Maxixe-type beryls loose any green component in their color, and may also fade.

Fracture-filled Fancy Pink Diamond

(via ICA Early Warning Flash, No.65, December 21, 1992) GAGTL writes:

A pink cut-cornered square modified brilliant diamond was submitted to the Gem Testing Laboratory for the determination of the origin of its color—whether it was of natural or treated color and for the determination of the color grade.

The diamond weighed 3.35 carats and measured approx. 8.32x8.08x6.53mm. Upon examination with a 10x lens, one was struck by the many feathers visible within the stone. Viewing the diamond from various angles and by transmitted light, one could detect many surface reaching fractures displaying iridescent colors implying these were filled with air. But also noticeable were the tell-tale blue and orange flashes in some fractures indicating that these had been filled with an artificial material.

Spectroscopic investigation of the stone proved it to be a diamond of natural color and of type IaAB. The nature of the internal colored grain lines and the frosted appearance of some of the fractures indicated that the diamond may have been mined in Argyle, Australia.

If graded, the color grade would be fancy pink and the clarity grade would be pique III. However, The Gem Testing Laboratory does not issue grading reports on fracture filled diamonds. The poor clarity grade apparent subsequent to fracture treatment and the presence of untreated air-filled fractures indicate that the clarity enhancement process was not successful.

Although the Laboratory has tested fracture-filled diamonds before, this is the first instance we have seen of a fancy colored diamond being so treated.

Hydrothermal Synthetic Rubies

(via ICA Early Warning Flash, No.66, January 28, 1993) GGL writes:

Background
During the Fall season of 1991, we first became aware of a production of hydrothermal synthetic rubies being made in Russia. At that time, we were informed that the production was only consisting of very small stones and therefore this seemed to be more of a scientific than commercial interest. During the next year and a half, we did not receive any additional information concerning further developments of this product. While on a recent trip to Bangkok though three samples were acquired which were reportedly from a recent production of Russian hydrothermal synthetic rubies. Seeing as how this represents a new and therefore unfamiliar synthetic ruby on the market, we felt it would be beneficial to inform the colored stone industry of their presence through the ICA Early Warning Alert system.

Gemological properties
The three sample stones tested, weighed 1.69, 0.69 and 0.62 ct. possessing colors ranging from Burma to Thai types with high saturations and medium to dark tones. Standard gemological testing revealed properties of refractive index (1.76-1.77), birefringence (0.008), specific gravity (3.99-4.00), UV fluorescence (LW: weak-med, red; SW: inert-weak red) and spectrum, consistent with other natural and synthetic rubies.

Microscopic examination revealed the presence of very strong graining features throughout the stone. These graining features are visually reminiscent of the type of graining observed in the Russian production of hydrothermal synthetic emeralds. In most directions, this graining is generally in a striated pattern, although in one direction the graining takes on a strongly roiled appearance resembling an aggregation of graining features. The presence of this graining is so strong, as to have an effect of slightly reducing the transparency of the stone enough to give it a sleepy appearance. This also caused a slightly diffused image of the pavilion back facet edges when viewed through the table. Certain fluctuations of color zoning could also be observed interwoven with the graining patterns. Distinctive as well were the presence of numerous, small, golden colored, highly reflective metallic inclusions. These inclusions were present in small collective groups as well as sparsely located individually. Additionally observed were healed fracture systems creating fingerprint inclusions which occasionally contained a secondary gas phase and other fracture systems.

Discussion
While these rubies represent a completely new kind of synthetic which could be encountered in the market today, their identification should not prove to be difficult. Just as with other synthetic rubies, mass sampling by means of UV fluorescence will not separate these synthetics from their natural counterparts. Microscopic examination identifying the very strong graining features which are unlike any of the swirled or planar growth characteristics observed in natural rubies from various localities and the presence of golden colored metallic inclusions, provide clear and easy proof of the synthetic origin for these hydrothermally grown rubies.

Diamond Fracture Filling Extensive Treatment, Subtle Features

(via ICA Early Warning Flash, No.68, April 5, 1993) GIA GTL writes:

Background
The diamond described herein is a 0.88 carat heat-shaped brilliant that was initially submitted to the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory for grading. During preliminary examination, however, a staff gemologist noted at first appeared to be an extremely low relief fingerprint inclusion containing minute voids. As this would be very atypical for diamond, the stone was brought to the identification and research lab for investigation.

Microscopic features
Examination under magnification using standard darkfield illumination revealed several very transparent, colorless, filled fractures. These all contained minute voids as mentioned above, as well very subtle orange and, to a lesser extent, blue flash effects. Difficulty in detecting these effects was compounded by the very shallow angles of the fractures to the surface of the diamond.

The treatment became more apparent when a pinpoint fiber optic illuminator was used. This lighting technique revealed the extent of the filled breaks, including one very large fracture beneath and nearly parallel to the table. The intense illumination made the flash effects significantly more noticeable, as well as revealing hairline fractures in the filling material. The outlines of the filled areas were also found to be easier to detect when examined in transmitted lighting with a single polarizing filter placed between the microscope’s objectives and the diamond.

Additional testing
Qualitative chemical analysis using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence detected lead, an element previously detected in diamond fillings, X-radiography further confirmed the presence of the filling in the form of white, X-ray opaque areas on the radiograph.

Discussion
Although the diamond under investigation contained extensive filled fractures, the diagnostic microscopic features of the treatment were quite subtle. These might easily be overlooked if only darkfield illumination were used. It is therefore recommended that additional lighting techniques be used when examining diamonds for possible filled breaks, including pinpoint fiberoptic illumination and polarized light.

Diffusion Treated Corundum In Pink To Red To Purple Color Range

(via ICA Early Warning Flash, No.69, May 14, 1993) GIA GTL writes:

Background
The diffusion treated stones described herein were provided for examination by United Radiant Applications, a Southern California-based firm that has been involved in the commercial production of blue diffusion treated sapphires. The faceted specimens, which included 27 stones in the red to pink to purple color range, were made available so that their gemological properties and identification criteria could be documented prior to any commercial release.

Visual appearance
Face-up some of the stones appear uniform in color, while other exhibit uneven color distribution, the latter apparently due to an absence of color on some pavilion facets.

Magnification
A number of features previously documented with blue diffusion treated sapphires were noted in these stones. These include uneven coloration from one facet to another, color concentrations in surface-reaching cavities and fractures, and color reinforcement of facet junctions, although the latter was often significantly more subtle than what we have encountered with blue diffusion-treated stones. Also noted was a type of surface and near surface damage, including minute spherical voids that we had not previously documented in blue diffusion treated sapphires.

Refractive indices
Values were generally higher than those normal for corundum, including some reading over the limits of the conventional refractometer (1.80 +).

Pleochroism
Some stones exhibited atypical dichroism, including a brownish yellow dichroic color.

Short wave UV luminescence
The majority of the stones showed a patchy bluish white luminescence to this wavelength at the surface that was sometimes confined to specific facets or groups of facets.

Absorption spectra
These were generally consistent with those of both natural and synthetic corundums of comparable color, although some absorption features were less pronounced.

Discussion
The diffusion treated corundums described herein are not difficult to identify. Key features include unusually high refractive index readings, atypical dichroism and UV luminescence, patchy surface coloration, color concentrations along facet junctions, and spherical voids just below the surface.

Mixed Diamonds & Octahedral Cubic Zirconia Baguettes

(via ICA Early Warning Flash, No.73, August 13, 1993) GII writes:

Recently we have encountered in a packet of rough diamond one octahedral shaped cubic zirconia. The person who had done this also must be having some idea of crystallography for he has taken the trouble to etch out trigons on the octahedral faces. Fortunately, the trigons are parallel to the sides of the octahedral faces, whereas in diamonds they are not; this gave us the first doubt and other tests confirmed our suspicion.

Another interesting case of cubic zirconia fraud has also been detected at our laboratory. In a packet of diamond baguettes as well as round brilliant same sized cubic zirconia baguettes and round brilliants were detected. The suspicion was first triggered off when similar dimension baguettes were weighing 0.029 carats and some 0.05. The difference was obvious when the weight of some more number of pieces was compared and other tests were performed.