Memorable quote (s) from the movie:
Don Birnam (Ray Milland): It shrinks my liver, doesn't it, Nat? It pickles my kidneys, yeah. But what it does to the mind? It tosses the sandbags overboard so the balloon can soar. Suddenly I'm above the ordinary. I'm competent. I'm walking a tightrope over Niagara Falls. I'm one of the great ones. I'm Michaelangelo, molding the beard of Moses. I'm Van Gogh painting pure sunlight. I'm Horowitz, playing the Emperor Concerto. I'm John Barrymore before movies got him by the throat. I'm Jesse James and his two brothers, all three of them. I'm W. Shakespeare. And out there it's not Third Avenue any longer, it's the Nile. Nat, it's the Nile and down it moves the barge of Cleopatra.
Wednesday, March 28, 2007
(New) Russian Tanzanite Imitation
Jewellery News Asia (August, 1999) writes:
A visually effective tanzanite imitation of Russian manufacture has entered the marketplace. This imitation is potentially confusing as it displays greenish blue to purplish pink directional pleochroism. Investigations by Shane McClure of GIA’s Gem Trade Lab in New York have revealed that this imitation is a synthetic forsterite (magnesium silicate)…..the magnesian end member of the forsterite-fayalite solid solution series of which the gemstone peridot is an intermediate member.
According to McClure the presence of scattered ‘pinpoints’ and small ‘needles’ suggest that this man-made material has been synthesized by the crystal pulling (Czochralski) technique. This imitation which is doped by cobalt, and therefore should display Co absorption spectrum and fluoresces red under LWUV and the Chelsea filter; specific gravity is 3.42 and refractive index is 1.635-1.670.
A visually effective tanzanite imitation of Russian manufacture has entered the marketplace. This imitation is potentially confusing as it displays greenish blue to purplish pink directional pleochroism. Investigations by Shane McClure of GIA’s Gem Trade Lab in New York have revealed that this imitation is a synthetic forsterite (magnesium silicate)…..the magnesian end member of the forsterite-fayalite solid solution series of which the gemstone peridot is an intermediate member.
According to McClure the presence of scattered ‘pinpoints’ and small ‘needles’ suggest that this man-made material has been synthesized by the crystal pulling (Czochralski) technique. This imitation which is doped by cobalt, and therefore should display Co absorption spectrum and fluoresces red under LWUV and the Chelsea filter; specific gravity is 3.42 and refractive index is 1.635-1.670.
American Freshwater Pearls
(via Wahroongai News, Volume 33, No.8, August 1999)
The freshwater mussels of the rivers and lakes of North America produce a surprising range of both natural and cultural pearls.
Natural pearls
North American Indians, who lived along the rivers and lakes of North America, made use of indigenous freshwater mussels both as a source of food and as a valued source of pearls for ornamental purposes. By the mid 16th century Spanish explorers also had become aware of and greatly appreciated this source of natural pearls.
Following the mid-19th century discovery of pearls in Notch Brook near Paterson, New Jersey, an active trade in these pearls and their shells began in North America. This trade exploded some decades later as pearl shelling also developed along the rivers of Ohio, Wisconsin, Tennessee, and Arkansas. By the end of World War II these fisheries were no longer economically viable, as plastic has supplanted pearl shell for the manufacture of buttons. The pearl shelling industry of North America revived during the early 1950, when Japanese demand for shells for the manufacture of bead nuclei suitable implanting into Akoya oysters became paramount. Today, natural pearls are still recovered from these rivers and lakes; but only as a by-product of the pearl shelling industry.
Many species of bivalve freshwater mollusk, belonging to the family Unionidae, inhabit the sandy-gravely bottoms of fast flowing rivers, and to a lesser extent the more muddy bottoms of gravely lakes of the Mississippi and its tributaries. However, over the last century damming these rivers, increased silting from agriculture and strip mining, and the introduction of competitive predators such the zebra mussel have decimated the native mussel population of North America. Today hardy survivors such as the pigtoe (Pleerobema cordatum) maple leaf (Quadrula quadrula), three ridge (Amblema costata), and washboard (Megiaonaias gigantean) are still surviving with some difficulty.
Natural pearl form as a result of small pieces of mantle tissue dislodged from mussels by the bites of predatory fish, by invasion of the mussel’s body tissues by boring parasites, or by the accidental implantation of fragments of shell or fish scales into mantle tissues. The shape of pearls obtained from these freshwater mussels varies with where they grow within the mussel. For example, round pearls form in or around the posterior adductor muscle, adjacent beak area, or the body of the mollusk. It is hypothesized that the opening and closing of valves of the mussel rotates the forming pearl thus producing an even distribution of nacre. Elongated symmetrical shapes of pearl form between the adductor muscle and the hinge: with ridged barrels probably resulting from the forming pearl rotating against a projection from the hinge. Button shaped pearls and turtle backs (with flattish bottoms) are found near the outer lips of the valves. Flattish teardrop shaped ‘wings’ form in the posterior hinge area, while more angular chunky pearls form in the anterior hinge area. Rare bumpy rosebud pearls either form in the beak area or deep within the body of the mussel. Colors of natural pearls range from common white to attractive pastel shades of pink, rose, lavender and purple. The lusters of these pearls vary widely. Major factors controlling the color and luster of these freshwater pearls include the distribution of color across the shell of various species of mussel, location of the pearl in the mussel, the health of the mussel, and water and environmental conditions under which the pearl grew.
Cultured pearls
In the early 1960s the Tennessee Shell Company—the major supplier of freshwater shell for the manufacture of beads for the Japanese Akoya industry—began experiments in the culture of freshwater pearls in a man-made TVA lake near Lexington, Tennessee. These experiments were initiated by John Latendresse and his Japanese-born wife. Twenty years later and with the assistance of available Japanese freshwater pearl cultivating technology, pearl culture farms had been set up and were operating economically in several unpolluted lakes leased from TVA.
American cultured pearls are produced in the following sequence, based on basic Lake Biwa technology:
- Individual hookah-equipped divers collect mature mother mussels from the Mississippi River and its tributaries; care being taken that younger mussels are left to continue breeding.
- The harvested mussels are placed into pockets of ‘kangaroo’ nets that hold up to 18 shells. Shells are then transported to the pearl farm where, following inspection and sorting, the mussels are suspended vertically from rafts made from sealed polythene pipes that are so arranged as to leave sufficient space between both mussels and nets to allow the bivalves to recuperate (for at least a month) to feed, to grow, and indeed to spawn. ‘Mother shells’ are kept separated from ‘sacrifice’ mussels.
- Nucleation occurs at the farm using American-trained technologists and American implant technology based in traditional Japanese methods. Once cleaned, the ‘mother shells’ are held in troughs located in the implant lab.
- Because of their large size American freshwater mussels are multi-nucleated using MOP beads of various shapes.
- Three types of pearls are produced: hemispherical blister pearls, bead nucleated whole pearls of various shapes, keshis.
- Following recuperation under the controlled conditions of laboratory-based ‘ponds’, the implanted mussels are returned to the pearl farm for periods ranging from 1½ (for blister pears) to 3-5 years (for whole pearls) depending on the nature of the implant.
- For blister pearls the shells are first cleaned, their cultured blister pearls sawn from the shell, and the sawn edges shaped and polished either to free from or calibrated sizes.
- Fancy shape free pearls, cultivated in the body of the mussel, are covered by killing the mussel at harvest. Due to shaped nuclei these pearls are available in a range of interesting shapes that include marquise, teardrop, bar, marquise, disc, triangle etc.,--with and without bumps, circles, and nodelles (fish-tails).
- Factors determining the grade of these pearls include their luster, orient, color, shape and color.
- Over the years mortality rates for American freshwater cultured pearls have been reduced to less than 5%.
The freshwater mussels of the rivers and lakes of North America produce a surprising range of both natural and cultural pearls.
Natural pearls
North American Indians, who lived along the rivers and lakes of North America, made use of indigenous freshwater mussels both as a source of food and as a valued source of pearls for ornamental purposes. By the mid 16th century Spanish explorers also had become aware of and greatly appreciated this source of natural pearls.
Following the mid-19th century discovery of pearls in Notch Brook near Paterson, New Jersey, an active trade in these pearls and their shells began in North America. This trade exploded some decades later as pearl shelling also developed along the rivers of Ohio, Wisconsin, Tennessee, and Arkansas. By the end of World War II these fisheries were no longer economically viable, as plastic has supplanted pearl shell for the manufacture of buttons. The pearl shelling industry of North America revived during the early 1950, when Japanese demand for shells for the manufacture of bead nuclei suitable implanting into Akoya oysters became paramount. Today, natural pearls are still recovered from these rivers and lakes; but only as a by-product of the pearl shelling industry.
Many species of bivalve freshwater mollusk, belonging to the family Unionidae, inhabit the sandy-gravely bottoms of fast flowing rivers, and to a lesser extent the more muddy bottoms of gravely lakes of the Mississippi and its tributaries. However, over the last century damming these rivers, increased silting from agriculture and strip mining, and the introduction of competitive predators such the zebra mussel have decimated the native mussel population of North America. Today hardy survivors such as the pigtoe (Pleerobema cordatum) maple leaf (Quadrula quadrula), three ridge (Amblema costata), and washboard (Megiaonaias gigantean) are still surviving with some difficulty.
Natural pearl form as a result of small pieces of mantle tissue dislodged from mussels by the bites of predatory fish, by invasion of the mussel’s body tissues by boring parasites, or by the accidental implantation of fragments of shell or fish scales into mantle tissues. The shape of pearls obtained from these freshwater mussels varies with where they grow within the mussel. For example, round pearls form in or around the posterior adductor muscle, adjacent beak area, or the body of the mollusk. It is hypothesized that the opening and closing of valves of the mussel rotates the forming pearl thus producing an even distribution of nacre. Elongated symmetrical shapes of pearl form between the adductor muscle and the hinge: with ridged barrels probably resulting from the forming pearl rotating against a projection from the hinge. Button shaped pearls and turtle backs (with flattish bottoms) are found near the outer lips of the valves. Flattish teardrop shaped ‘wings’ form in the posterior hinge area, while more angular chunky pearls form in the anterior hinge area. Rare bumpy rosebud pearls either form in the beak area or deep within the body of the mussel. Colors of natural pearls range from common white to attractive pastel shades of pink, rose, lavender and purple. The lusters of these pearls vary widely. Major factors controlling the color and luster of these freshwater pearls include the distribution of color across the shell of various species of mussel, location of the pearl in the mussel, the health of the mussel, and water and environmental conditions under which the pearl grew.
Cultured pearls
In the early 1960s the Tennessee Shell Company—the major supplier of freshwater shell for the manufacture of beads for the Japanese Akoya industry—began experiments in the culture of freshwater pearls in a man-made TVA lake near Lexington, Tennessee. These experiments were initiated by John Latendresse and his Japanese-born wife. Twenty years later and with the assistance of available Japanese freshwater pearl cultivating technology, pearl culture farms had been set up and were operating economically in several unpolluted lakes leased from TVA.
American cultured pearls are produced in the following sequence, based on basic Lake Biwa technology:
- Individual hookah-equipped divers collect mature mother mussels from the Mississippi River and its tributaries; care being taken that younger mussels are left to continue breeding.
- The harvested mussels are placed into pockets of ‘kangaroo’ nets that hold up to 18 shells. Shells are then transported to the pearl farm where, following inspection and sorting, the mussels are suspended vertically from rafts made from sealed polythene pipes that are so arranged as to leave sufficient space between both mussels and nets to allow the bivalves to recuperate (for at least a month) to feed, to grow, and indeed to spawn. ‘Mother shells’ are kept separated from ‘sacrifice’ mussels.
- Nucleation occurs at the farm using American-trained technologists and American implant technology based in traditional Japanese methods. Once cleaned, the ‘mother shells’ are held in troughs located in the implant lab.
- Because of their large size American freshwater mussels are multi-nucleated using MOP beads of various shapes.
- Three types of pearls are produced: hemispherical blister pearls, bead nucleated whole pearls of various shapes, keshis.
- Following recuperation under the controlled conditions of laboratory-based ‘ponds’, the implanted mussels are returned to the pearl farm for periods ranging from 1½ (for blister pears) to 3-5 years (for whole pearls) depending on the nature of the implant.
- For blister pearls the shells are first cleaned, their cultured blister pearls sawn from the shell, and the sawn edges shaped and polished either to free from or calibrated sizes.
- Fancy shape free pearls, cultivated in the body of the mussel, are covered by killing the mussel at harvest. Due to shaped nuclei these pearls are available in a range of interesting shapes that include marquise, teardrop, bar, marquise, disc, triangle etc.,--with and without bumps, circles, and nodelles (fish-tails).
- Factors determining the grade of these pearls include their luster, orient, color, shape and color.
- Over the years mortality rates for American freshwater cultured pearls have been reduced to less than 5%.
Nineteenth Century Jewellery
By Peter Hinks
Faber and Faber Ltd
1975 ISBN 0-571-10650-1
Faber and Faber writes:
More jewellery was made in Europe during the nineteenth century than in any other period before or since. What is more, the jewellery was extremely varied—the predilections, obsessions and changing circumstances of England, France, Italy and Germany, for example, being faithfully reflected in their pieces—and much was of the highest quality. The discovery of diamonds in South Africa, the gold rush in the States and Australia, the theatre, war, archaeology, the latest ‘Novelty’, all were sources of inspiration for the jeweler. Nineteenth Century Jewellery both describes in absorbing detail the beautiful and sometimes bizarre ornaments of an extraordinary era and tells us much of the craftsmen who made them and the people through whose hands they passed: women of taste and fashion, shopmen, peddlers, confidence tricksters. It is probably the first book on the subject to cove the whole of Europe comprehensively.
The Revolutionary, Napoleonic, post Napoleonic, mid-century, Second Empire, High Victorian and Fin de Siecle styles of jewellery are all pinpointed and analyzed. And there are also useful chapters on the Arts and Crafts Movement, on Art Nouveau, peasant and mourning jewellery and on collecting, and an appendix of the gold and silver marks of ten countries. The development of the great centers of manufacture both in Europe and America is clearly traced. The selection of pieces illustrated is unusual and arresting.
Peter Hinks is Sotheby’s leading expert on nineteenth century jewellery.
Faber and Faber Ltd
1975 ISBN 0-571-10650-1
Faber and Faber writes:
More jewellery was made in Europe during the nineteenth century than in any other period before or since. What is more, the jewellery was extremely varied—the predilections, obsessions and changing circumstances of England, France, Italy and Germany, for example, being faithfully reflected in their pieces—and much was of the highest quality. The discovery of diamonds in South Africa, the gold rush in the States and Australia, the theatre, war, archaeology, the latest ‘Novelty’, all were sources of inspiration for the jeweler. Nineteenth Century Jewellery both describes in absorbing detail the beautiful and sometimes bizarre ornaments of an extraordinary era and tells us much of the craftsmen who made them and the people through whose hands they passed: women of taste and fashion, shopmen, peddlers, confidence tricksters. It is probably the first book on the subject to cove the whole of Europe comprehensively.
The Revolutionary, Napoleonic, post Napoleonic, mid-century, Second Empire, High Victorian and Fin de Siecle styles of jewellery are all pinpointed and analyzed. And there are also useful chapters on the Arts and Crafts Movement, on Art Nouveau, peasant and mourning jewellery and on collecting, and an appendix of the gold and silver marks of ten countries. The development of the great centers of manufacture both in Europe and America is clearly traced. The selection of pieces illustrated is unusual and arresting.
Peter Hinks is Sotheby’s leading expert on nineteenth century jewellery.
Tuesday, March 27, 2007
Black Opal
Writer unknown
There’s a sleepy little township out beyond the western plains,
Lightning Ridge the town of opal, where there’s heat and scanty rains.
The location is not scenic, just rough ridges all round,
Nature strewed scenes of beauty in Black Opal underground.
If you have never seen Black Opal then you have missed a splendid sight,
Like quicksilver gaily colored, slipping through the shades of night.
Though you have roamed the whole world, and seen all there is to see,
There’s scenes you’ve never dreamed of, in this stone of mystery.
Quite unique in all its beauty, as a gem it stands alone,
Mortal man will never fashion imitations of these stones.
As you look into opal, turn it gently and behold,
Vivid shades of blue and crimson, softly turn to green and gold.
Lit by pools of gleaming fire that appears and fade away,
Moving like a motion picture of some long forgotten day.
Here you’ll see a perfect rainbow mirrored in a blue lagoon,
Crimson sunsets, verdant pastures, blending with the rising moon.
Liquid fire in a valley on a dark and stormy night,
Twinkling stars of changing colors, dancing in a golden light.
Storm clouds over tropic splendors, vivid lightning flashes gleam,
There’s scenes that seem to haunt your memory like some half forgotten dream.
Ever restless, ever changing, scene on scene is gently born,
Opening like a glorious flower wet with dew at the flush of dawn.
Flecked with dust of wattle blossoms, branding it Australia’s own,
Beautiful and mystifying Queen of gems, the opal stone.
There’s a sleepy little township out beyond the western plains,
Lightning Ridge the town of opal, where there’s heat and scanty rains.
The location is not scenic, just rough ridges all round,
Nature strewed scenes of beauty in Black Opal underground.
If you have never seen Black Opal then you have missed a splendid sight,
Like quicksilver gaily colored, slipping through the shades of night.
Though you have roamed the whole world, and seen all there is to see,
There’s scenes you’ve never dreamed of, in this stone of mystery.
Quite unique in all its beauty, as a gem it stands alone,
Mortal man will never fashion imitations of these stones.
As you look into opal, turn it gently and behold,
Vivid shades of blue and crimson, softly turn to green and gold.
Lit by pools of gleaming fire that appears and fade away,
Moving like a motion picture of some long forgotten day.
Here you’ll see a perfect rainbow mirrored in a blue lagoon,
Crimson sunsets, verdant pastures, blending with the rising moon.
Liquid fire in a valley on a dark and stormy night,
Twinkling stars of changing colors, dancing in a golden light.
Storm clouds over tropic splendors, vivid lightning flashes gleam,
There’s scenes that seem to haunt your memory like some half forgotten dream.
Ever restless, ever changing, scene on scene is gently born,
Opening like a glorious flower wet with dew at the flush of dawn.
Flecked with dust of wattle blossoms, branding it Australia’s own,
Beautiful and mystifying Queen of gems, the opal stone.
Tootsie
Memorable quote (s) from the movie:
Michael Dorsey (Dustin Hoffman): Thank you, Gordon. Well, I cannot tell you all how deeply moved I am. I never in my wildest dreams imagined that I would be the object of so much genuine affection. It makes it all the more difficult for me to say what I'm now going to say. Yes. I do feel it's time to set the record straight. You see, I didn't come here just as an administrator, Dr. Brewster; I came to this hospital to settle an old score. Now you all know that my father was a brilliant man; he built this hospital. What you don't know is that to his family, he was an unmerciful tyrant - an absolute dodo bird. He drove my mother, his wife, to - to drink; in fact, she - uh, she she she went riding one time and lost all her teeth. The son Edward became a recluse, and the oldest daughter - the pretty one, the charming one - became pregnant when she was fifteen years old and was driven out of the house. In fact, she was so terrified that she would, uh, that, uh, that, that, that the baby daughter would bear the stigma of illegitimacy that she, she - she decided to change her name and she contracted a disfiguring disease... after moving to Tangiers, which is where she raised the, the, the little girl as her sister. But her one ambition in life - besides the child's happiness - was to become a nurse, so she returned to the States and joined the staff right here at Southwest General. Well, she worked here, she knew she had to speak out wherever she saw injustice and inhumanity. God save us, you do understand that, don't you, Dr. Brewster?
John Van Horne (George Gaynes): I never laid a hand on her.
Michael Dorsey (Dustin Hoffman): Yes, you did. And she was shunned by all you nurses, too... and by a, what do you call it, what do you call it, a - something like a pariah, to you doctors who found her idealistic and reckless. But she was deeply, deeply, deeply, deeply, deeply, deeply loved by her brother. It was this brother who, on the day of her death, swore to the good Lord above that he would follow in her footsteps, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, just, just, just, just, just, just, just, just, just, just owe it all up to her. But on her terms. As a woman. And just as proud to be a woman as she ever was. For I am not Emily Kimberly, the daughter of Dwayne and Alma Kimberly. No, I'm not. I'm Edward Kimberly, the recluse brother of my sister Anthea. Edward Kimberly, who has finally vindicated his sister's good name. I am Edward Kimberly. Edward Kimberly. And I'm not mentally ill, but proud, and lucky, and strong enough to be the woman that was the best part of my manhood. The best part of myself.
Michael Dorsey (Dustin Hoffman): Thank you, Gordon. Well, I cannot tell you all how deeply moved I am. I never in my wildest dreams imagined that I would be the object of so much genuine affection. It makes it all the more difficult for me to say what I'm now going to say. Yes. I do feel it's time to set the record straight. You see, I didn't come here just as an administrator, Dr. Brewster; I came to this hospital to settle an old score. Now you all know that my father was a brilliant man; he built this hospital. What you don't know is that to his family, he was an unmerciful tyrant - an absolute dodo bird. He drove my mother, his wife, to - to drink; in fact, she - uh, she she she went riding one time and lost all her teeth. The son Edward became a recluse, and the oldest daughter - the pretty one, the charming one - became pregnant when she was fifteen years old and was driven out of the house. In fact, she was so terrified that she would, uh, that, uh, that, that, that the baby daughter would bear the stigma of illegitimacy that she, she - she decided to change her name and she contracted a disfiguring disease... after moving to Tangiers, which is where she raised the, the, the little girl as her sister. But her one ambition in life - besides the child's happiness - was to become a nurse, so she returned to the States and joined the staff right here at Southwest General. Well, she worked here, she knew she had to speak out wherever she saw injustice and inhumanity. God save us, you do understand that, don't you, Dr. Brewster?
John Van Horne (George Gaynes): I never laid a hand on her.
Michael Dorsey (Dustin Hoffman): Yes, you did. And she was shunned by all you nurses, too... and by a, what do you call it, what do you call it, a - something like a pariah, to you doctors who found her idealistic and reckless. But she was deeply, deeply, deeply, deeply, deeply, deeply loved by her brother. It was this brother who, on the day of her death, swore to the good Lord above that he would follow in her footsteps, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, just, just, just, just, just, just, just, just, just, just owe it all up to her. But on her terms. As a woman. And just as proud to be a woman as she ever was. For I am not Emily Kimberly, the daughter of Dwayne and Alma Kimberly. No, I'm not. I'm Edward Kimberly, the recluse brother of my sister Anthea. Edward Kimberly, who has finally vindicated his sister's good name. I am Edward Kimberly. Edward Kimberly. And I'm not mentally ill, but proud, and lucky, and strong enough to be the woman that was the best part of my manhood. The best part of myself.
Benitoite
(via ICA )
A beautiful sapphire blue colored stone, benitoite is a rare mineral and occurs in gem quality crystals only in the Diablo Range of California. Benitoite is named after the country in which it occurs—San Benito County. Having hardness of only 6½ on the Moh’s scale, benitoite is one of the rarest of all mineral that are suitable for jewelry.
Sapphire-blue benitoite is found in association with another rare titanium mineral—neptunite—in a matrix of white natrolite. Stones over 2 carats were very rare until when a deposit with larger stones….some weighing up to 6 carats….was found at the Benitoite Gem Mine in California. A pink benitoite has been reported, but it is extremely rare. Colorless crystals of benitoite are not uncommon but are not considered worth cutting. Benitoite also has been found as tiny grains in rock in a few other Californian localities, as well as in Belgium, Japan, Korea, and Texas. However, these deposits are of little importance to the gem trade.
There are several versions as to who actually discovered the stone; but one of the most likely accounts is that the in late 1906 a prospector by the name of James Crouch was searching for mercury and copper minerals in the area of the San Benito river in California. He discovered some blue crystals in a vein of white natrolite, and it was at first believed that they were sapphires. However, because of the strong colorless to blue dichroism revealed by the stones on subsequent testing by a jeweler, the precise identity of the stone was subsequently questioned. Crystals from this new find were sent to Dr George Louderback, Professor of Geology at the University of California at Berkeley. He identified these as a new mineral, and named it benitoite after its country of origin.
In October 1985, the Governor of California named benitoite California’s official State Gemstone.
Interestingly, it has been claimed that a large benitoite weighing over 6 carats was presented to Benito Mussolini in 1938 by the then Italian Ambassador to the United States. This led some, who were not familiar with the stone’s origin, to assume that benitoite was named after Benito Mussolini…because of the similarity with his first name.
Benitoite is a very beautiful gemstone, although it is not very well known compared to other colored gemstones. It has high refractive indices (1.757 – 1804) and a high dispersion (0.046 vs diamond’s 0.044). Thus the ‘fire’ of benitoite approximates that found in diamond; but the visual effect is masked by the dark blue body color of the stone. Interestingly, blue benitoite fluoresces and identifying strong bluish white when exposed to short wave ultraviolet wavelengths.
Gradually this lovely sapphire blue colored gemstone is beginning to receive the recognition it deserves, and it can now be found more frequently in fine jewelry…particularly in the USA.
A beautiful sapphire blue colored stone, benitoite is a rare mineral and occurs in gem quality crystals only in the Diablo Range of California. Benitoite is named after the country in which it occurs—San Benito County. Having hardness of only 6½ on the Moh’s scale, benitoite is one of the rarest of all mineral that are suitable for jewelry.
Sapphire-blue benitoite is found in association with another rare titanium mineral—neptunite—in a matrix of white natrolite. Stones over 2 carats were very rare until when a deposit with larger stones….some weighing up to 6 carats….was found at the Benitoite Gem Mine in California. A pink benitoite has been reported, but it is extremely rare. Colorless crystals of benitoite are not uncommon but are not considered worth cutting. Benitoite also has been found as tiny grains in rock in a few other Californian localities, as well as in Belgium, Japan, Korea, and Texas. However, these deposits are of little importance to the gem trade.
There are several versions as to who actually discovered the stone; but one of the most likely accounts is that the in late 1906 a prospector by the name of James Crouch was searching for mercury and copper minerals in the area of the San Benito river in California. He discovered some blue crystals in a vein of white natrolite, and it was at first believed that they were sapphires. However, because of the strong colorless to blue dichroism revealed by the stones on subsequent testing by a jeweler, the precise identity of the stone was subsequently questioned. Crystals from this new find were sent to Dr George Louderback, Professor of Geology at the University of California at Berkeley. He identified these as a new mineral, and named it benitoite after its country of origin.
In October 1985, the Governor of California named benitoite California’s official State Gemstone.
Interestingly, it has been claimed that a large benitoite weighing over 6 carats was presented to Benito Mussolini in 1938 by the then Italian Ambassador to the United States. This led some, who were not familiar with the stone’s origin, to assume that benitoite was named after Benito Mussolini…because of the similarity with his first name.
Benitoite is a very beautiful gemstone, although it is not very well known compared to other colored gemstones. It has high refractive indices (1.757 – 1804) and a high dispersion (0.046 vs diamond’s 0.044). Thus the ‘fire’ of benitoite approximates that found in diamond; but the visual effect is masked by the dark blue body color of the stone. Interestingly, blue benitoite fluoresces and identifying strong bluish white when exposed to short wave ultraviolet wavelengths.
Gradually this lovely sapphire blue colored gemstone is beginning to receive the recognition it deserves, and it can now be found more frequently in fine jewelry…particularly in the USA.
The Life Cycle Of The Silver-lipped Pearl Oyster
(via Wahroongai News, Volume 33, Number 8, August 1999) Joseph Taylor (Project Manager, Atlas Pacific Ltd) writes:
The basis of the lucrative South-sea pearl industry, the silver or gold-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, begins life with the odds well-stacked against its survival. As the oyster matures it generally begins its reproductive life as a male and may change sex to female later in life. The switch from male to female; and even back again, is triggered by environmental conditions. Excellent conditions in terms of food availability and water quality will favor development of females, while adverse conditions tend to favor males. In the wild the sex ratio of male to female is roughly equal in oysters larger than 15cm (greater than two years of age); however, on the farm there considerably more males than males—probably as a result of regular disturbance during cleaning and other farm activities.
In southern Indonesia and Australia (e.g. Kupang and Broome) the breeding season commences in September and continues through to late April or early May. The pearl breeding period is October to February. At Alyui Bay, Waigeo, the season is extended and we have been able to induce spawning (the release of eggs and sperm) in mid-June, and spawning has been observed into July.
Pearl oysters spawn as result of external stimuli such as rising water temperature or changes in salinity. In the hatchery spawning may be induced by increasing the water temperature in the holding tanks. Generally, males spawn before females. The release of sperm into the water stimulates spawning in ‘ripe’ females. Unfertilized eggs or ova are released in enormous numbers, a single female may release up to 50 million eggs. The eggs are initially pear-shaped and become spherical following fertilization. Fertilization in the wild is haphazard and will only occur where sperm and egg are united. In the vast bays and oceans that silver-lipped pearl oysters populate, the chances of successful fertilization are small. In the hatchery fertilization can be controlled due to small water volume and the close proximity of spawning males and females.
The division of cells after fertilization is rapid; and within 24 hours the newly developed larvae have a functional stomach and are able to swim. At this early stage they are called ‘D’ or straight hinge larvae. A week later, the larvae begin to change shape and become more rounded. They are now at the ‘umbo’ stage of life. At this time they are only 0.1mm in size, but appear very much like a cockle or pipi when viewed under a microscope. At between 16 and 20 days of age they will develop two red pigment spots called ‘eye spots’. The ‘eye spots’ are light sensitive. Within a few days the larvae will begin to develop a foot which is used to crawl snail-like on surfaces in order to search out appropriate place to settle. At this stage the larvae are called ‘pediveligers’ and are about 0.2 – 0.3 mm size. In the hatchery specially prepared rope panels, or collectors, are placed in the culture tanks to ‘catch’ settling larvae.
The first stage of settlement occurs when the ‘pediveliger’ secrets hair-like fibres (the byssus) from its fool. The byssal fibres adhere to the surfaces of collectors or other objects in the water. Once firmly attached, the ‘pediveliger’ will begin to metamorphose. This is a traumatic time and many of these larvae will not survive. During the three or four days following settlement larvae lose the ability to swim, and many of the organs that have served them during the early part of their lives are resorbed…….and new organs, such as gills, rapidly develop. The larval shell takes on a new shape and growth is very rapid. With the development of its new shell, the ‘oyster’ is now called ‘plantigrade’, and within a few days of settlement is already nearing a millimeter in size. The ‘plantigrade’ stage only lasts a few days before the small oyster becomes a ‘spat’. The ‘spat’ look much like the adult oyster but come in a multitude of colors that include yellow, brown, black, green and white. A prominent feature of young spat is ‘finger-like’ growth processes that they have along the edge of their shells. Over the next twelve months growth of spat is rapid and most oysters will have reached 10cm sizes during their first year of life.
Between 18 months and two years the silver or gold-lipped pearl oyster reaches maturity… and the cycle of reproduction and growth begin once more.
The basis of the lucrative South-sea pearl industry, the silver or gold-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, begins life with the odds well-stacked against its survival. As the oyster matures it generally begins its reproductive life as a male and may change sex to female later in life. The switch from male to female; and even back again, is triggered by environmental conditions. Excellent conditions in terms of food availability and water quality will favor development of females, while adverse conditions tend to favor males. In the wild the sex ratio of male to female is roughly equal in oysters larger than 15cm (greater than two years of age); however, on the farm there considerably more males than males—probably as a result of regular disturbance during cleaning and other farm activities.
In southern Indonesia and Australia (e.g. Kupang and Broome) the breeding season commences in September and continues through to late April or early May. The pearl breeding period is October to February. At Alyui Bay, Waigeo, the season is extended and we have been able to induce spawning (the release of eggs and sperm) in mid-June, and spawning has been observed into July.
Pearl oysters spawn as result of external stimuli such as rising water temperature or changes in salinity. In the hatchery spawning may be induced by increasing the water temperature in the holding tanks. Generally, males spawn before females. The release of sperm into the water stimulates spawning in ‘ripe’ females. Unfertilized eggs or ova are released in enormous numbers, a single female may release up to 50 million eggs. The eggs are initially pear-shaped and become spherical following fertilization. Fertilization in the wild is haphazard and will only occur where sperm and egg are united. In the vast bays and oceans that silver-lipped pearl oysters populate, the chances of successful fertilization are small. In the hatchery fertilization can be controlled due to small water volume and the close proximity of spawning males and females.
The division of cells after fertilization is rapid; and within 24 hours the newly developed larvae have a functional stomach and are able to swim. At this early stage they are called ‘D’ or straight hinge larvae. A week later, the larvae begin to change shape and become more rounded. They are now at the ‘umbo’ stage of life. At this time they are only 0.1mm in size, but appear very much like a cockle or pipi when viewed under a microscope. At between 16 and 20 days of age they will develop two red pigment spots called ‘eye spots’. The ‘eye spots’ are light sensitive. Within a few days the larvae will begin to develop a foot which is used to crawl snail-like on surfaces in order to search out appropriate place to settle. At this stage the larvae are called ‘pediveligers’ and are about 0.2 – 0.3 mm size. In the hatchery specially prepared rope panels, or collectors, are placed in the culture tanks to ‘catch’ settling larvae.
The first stage of settlement occurs when the ‘pediveliger’ secrets hair-like fibres (the byssus) from its fool. The byssal fibres adhere to the surfaces of collectors or other objects in the water. Once firmly attached, the ‘pediveliger’ will begin to metamorphose. This is a traumatic time and many of these larvae will not survive. During the three or four days following settlement larvae lose the ability to swim, and many of the organs that have served them during the early part of their lives are resorbed…….and new organs, such as gills, rapidly develop. The larval shell takes on a new shape and growth is very rapid. With the development of its new shell, the ‘oyster’ is now called ‘plantigrade’, and within a few days of settlement is already nearing a millimeter in size. The ‘plantigrade’ stage only lasts a few days before the small oyster becomes a ‘spat’. The ‘spat’ look much like the adult oyster but come in a multitude of colors that include yellow, brown, black, green and white. A prominent feature of young spat is ‘finger-like’ growth processes that they have along the edge of their shells. Over the next twelve months growth of spat is rapid and most oysters will have reached 10cm sizes during their first year of life.
Between 18 months and two years the silver or gold-lipped pearl oyster reaches maturity… and the cycle of reproduction and growth begin once more.
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