(via Forbes) The following countries are perceived as the most dangerous destinations in the world for variety of reasons.
1. Somalia
2. Iraq
3. Afghanistan
4. Democratic Republic of the Congo
5. Cote d'Ivorie
6. Pakistan
7. Burundi
8. Sri Lanka
9. Haiti
10. Chad
11. Lebanon
12. Liberia
13. Sudan
Saturday, February 03, 2007
Warming 'likely' Man-made, Unstoppable
(via AP) Seth Borenstein writes:
The world's leading climate scientists said global warming has begun, is "very likely" caused by man, and will be unstoppable.
The scientists — using their strongest language yet on the issue — said now that world has begun to warm, hotter temperatures and rises in sea level "would continue for centuries" no matter how much humans control their pollution. The report also linked the warming to the recent increase in stronger hurricanes.
More info @ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070202/ap_on_sc/france_climate_change
The world's leading climate scientists said global warming has begun, is "very likely" caused by man, and will be unstoppable.
The scientists — using their strongest language yet on the issue — said now that world has begun to warm, hotter temperatures and rises in sea level "would continue for centuries" no matter how much humans control their pollution. The report also linked the warming to the recent increase in stronger hurricanes.
More info @ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070202/ap_on_sc/france_climate_change
Friday, February 02, 2007
Diamonds Are Forever Movie
Memorable quote (s) from the movie:
Sir Donald Munger (Laurence Naismith): Tell me, Commander, how far does your expertise extend into the field of diamonds?
James Bond ( Sean Connery): Well, hardest substance found in nature, they cut glass, suggest marriages, I suppose it replaced the dog as the girl's best friend. That's about it.
M (Bernard Lee): Refreshing to hear that there is one subject you're not an expert on!
Sir Donald Munger (Laurence Naismith): Tell me, Commander, how far does your expertise extend into the field of diamonds?
James Bond ( Sean Connery): Well, hardest substance found in nature, they cut glass, suggest marriages, I suppose it replaced the dog as the girl's best friend. That's about it.
M (Bernard Lee): Refreshing to hear that there is one subject you're not an expert on!
The Federal Trade Commission’s Guide for the Jewelry, Precious Metals and Pewter Industries
FTC writes:
23.7 Misuse of the words "platinum," "iridium," "palladium," "ruthenium," "rhodium," and "osmium."
(a) It is unfair or deceptive to use the words "platinum," "iridium," "palladium," "ruthenium," "rhodium," and "osmium," or any abbreviation to mark or describe all or part of an industry product if such marking or description misrepresents the product’s true composition. The Platinum Group Metals (PGM) are Platinum, Iridium, Palladium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, and Osmium.
(b) The following are examples of markings or descriptions that may be misleading:
(1) Use of the word "Platinum" or any abbreviation, without qualification, to describe all or part of an industry product that is not composed throughout of 950 parts per thousand pure Platinum.
(2) Use of the word "Platinum" or any abbreviation accompanied by a number indicating the parts per thousand of pure Platinum contained in the product without mention of the number of parts per thousand of other PGM contained in the product, to describe all or part of an industry product that is not composed throughout of at least 850 parts per thousand pure platinum, for example,"600Plat."
(3) Use of the word "Platinum" or any abbreviation thereof, to mark or describe any product that is not composed throughout of at least 500 parts per thousand pure Platinum.
(c) The following are examples of markings and descriptions that are not considered unfair or deceptive:
(1) The following abbreviations for each of the PGM may be used for quality marks on articles: "Plat." or "Pt." for Platinum; "Irid." or "Ir." for Iridium; "Pall." or "Pd." for Palladium; "Ruth." or "Ru." for Ruthenium; "Rhod." or "Rh." for Rhodium; and "Osmi." or "Os." for Osmium.
(2) An industry product consisting of at least 950 parts per thousand pure Platinum may be marked or described as "Platinum."
(3) An industry product consisting of 850 parts per thousand pure Platinum, 900 parts per thousand pure Platinum, or 950 parts per thousand pure Platinum may be marked "Platinum," provided that the Platinum marking is preceded by a number indicating the amount in parts per thousand of pure Platinum (for industry products consisting of 950 parts per thousand pure Platinum, the marking described in § 23.7(b)(2) above is also appropriate). Thus, the following markings may be used: "950Pt.," "950Plat.," "900Pt.," "900Plat.," "850Pt.," or "850Plat."
(4) An industry product consisting of at least 950 parts per thousand PGM, and of at least 500 parts per thousand pure Platinum, may be marked "Platinum," provided that the mark of each PGM constituent is preceded by a number indicating the amount in parts per thousand of each PGM, as for example, "600Pt.350Ir.," "600Plat.350Irid.," or "550Pt.350Pd.50Ir.," "550Plat.350Pall.50Irid."
Note to 23.7: Exemptions recognized in the assay of platinum industry products are listed in the Appendix.
More info @ http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.htm
23.7 Misuse of the words "platinum," "iridium," "palladium," "ruthenium," "rhodium," and "osmium."
(a) It is unfair or deceptive to use the words "platinum," "iridium," "palladium," "ruthenium," "rhodium," and "osmium," or any abbreviation to mark or describe all or part of an industry product if such marking or description misrepresents the product’s true composition. The Platinum Group Metals (PGM) are Platinum, Iridium, Palladium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, and Osmium.
(b) The following are examples of markings or descriptions that may be misleading:
(1) Use of the word "Platinum" or any abbreviation, without qualification, to describe all or part of an industry product that is not composed throughout of 950 parts per thousand pure Platinum.
(2) Use of the word "Platinum" or any abbreviation accompanied by a number indicating the parts per thousand of pure Platinum contained in the product without mention of the number of parts per thousand of other PGM contained in the product, to describe all or part of an industry product that is not composed throughout of at least 850 parts per thousand pure platinum, for example,"600Plat."
(3) Use of the word "Platinum" or any abbreviation thereof, to mark or describe any product that is not composed throughout of at least 500 parts per thousand pure Platinum.
(c) The following are examples of markings and descriptions that are not considered unfair or deceptive:
(1) The following abbreviations for each of the PGM may be used for quality marks on articles: "Plat." or "Pt." for Platinum; "Irid." or "Ir." for Iridium; "Pall." or "Pd." for Palladium; "Ruth." or "Ru." for Ruthenium; "Rhod." or "Rh." for Rhodium; and "Osmi." or "Os." for Osmium.
(2) An industry product consisting of at least 950 parts per thousand pure Platinum may be marked or described as "Platinum."
(3) An industry product consisting of 850 parts per thousand pure Platinum, 900 parts per thousand pure Platinum, or 950 parts per thousand pure Platinum may be marked "Platinum," provided that the Platinum marking is preceded by a number indicating the amount in parts per thousand of pure Platinum (for industry products consisting of 950 parts per thousand pure Platinum, the marking described in § 23.7(b)(2) above is also appropriate). Thus, the following markings may be used: "950Pt.," "950Plat.," "900Pt.," "900Plat.," "850Pt.," or "850Plat."
(4) An industry product consisting of at least 950 parts per thousand PGM, and of at least 500 parts per thousand pure Platinum, may be marked "Platinum," provided that the mark of each PGM constituent is preceded by a number indicating the amount in parts per thousand of each PGM, as for example, "600Pt.350Ir.," "600Plat.350Irid.," or "550Pt.350Pd.50Ir.," "550Plat.350Pall.50Irid."
Note to 23.7: Exemptions recognized in the assay of platinum industry products are listed in the Appendix.
More info @ http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.htm
Gems
By Robert Webster
Revised by B.W.Andersen
Butterworths
1989 (4th Edition), Reprinted 1987, 1989
ISBN 0-408-01148-3
Butterworths writes:
Since it was first published in 1962, Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification has become firmly established as the most comprehensive and authoritative account of gemstones available in the English language.
The period since publication of the third edition, in 1975, has seen numerous changes of far-reaching consequence for the science of gemology. A large proportion of these changes has been brought about as a direct consequence of the appearance in quantity of cubic zirconia, an extremely successful stimulant of diamond. Thus, a full description of cubic zirconia and the associated new test instruments has been a foremost concern for Basil Anderson in this revision.
There have been other additions to the range of synthetic gemstones, most importantly synthetic opal, and recent advances in the techniques for altering the color of gemstones. These are described and discussed in detail in this new edition, along with several new gem minerals and the current procedures for diamond grading.
Although primarily aimed at the professional jeweler and student gemologist, Gems is also an essential item in the library of the collector and the layman who is interested in precious stones.
About the author
Robert Webster is the author of two other books: Practical Gemmology and The Gemmologist’s Compendium
Revised by B.W.Andersen
Butterworths
1989 (4th Edition), Reprinted 1987, 1989
ISBN 0-408-01148-3
Butterworths writes:
Since it was first published in 1962, Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification has become firmly established as the most comprehensive and authoritative account of gemstones available in the English language.
The period since publication of the third edition, in 1975, has seen numerous changes of far-reaching consequence for the science of gemology. A large proportion of these changes has been brought about as a direct consequence of the appearance in quantity of cubic zirconia, an extremely successful stimulant of diamond. Thus, a full description of cubic zirconia and the associated new test instruments has been a foremost concern for Basil Anderson in this revision.
There have been other additions to the range of synthetic gemstones, most importantly synthetic opal, and recent advances in the techniques for altering the color of gemstones. These are described and discussed in detail in this new edition, along with several new gem minerals and the current procedures for diamond grading.
Although primarily aimed at the professional jeweler and student gemologist, Gems is also an essential item in the library of the collector and the layman who is interested in precious stones.
About the author
Robert Webster is the author of two other books: Practical Gemmology and The Gemmologist’s Compendium
Thursday, February 01, 2007
How To Identify The Source Of African Ivory
Using sophisticated statistical analysis of genetic data the scientists are applying new DNA techniques extracted from African elephant dung and skin samples to identify the origin of illegally poached ivory with remarkable accuracy.
More info @ http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1208970.htm
More info @ http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s1208970.htm
The Pink Panther Movie
Memorable quote (s) from the movie:
Gem dealer 1: As in every stone of this size, there is a flaw.
Sultan: A flaw?
Gem dealer 2: The slightest flaw, your excellency.
Gem dealer 1: If you look deep into the stone, you will perceive the tiniest discoloration. It resembles an animal.
Sultan: An animal?
Gem dealer 1: A little panther.
Sultan: Yes! A pink panther. Come here, Dala. A gift to your father from his grateful people. Some day it will be yours. The most fabulous diamond in all the world. Come closer.
Gem dealer 1: As in every stone of this size, there is a flaw.
Sultan: A flaw?
Gem dealer 2: The slightest flaw, your excellency.
Gem dealer 1: If you look deep into the stone, you will perceive the tiniest discoloration. It resembles an animal.
Sultan: An animal?
Gem dealer 1: A little panther.
Sultan: Yes! A pink panther. Come here, Dala. A gift to your father from his grateful people. Some day it will be yours. The most fabulous diamond in all the world. Come closer.
The Federal Trade Commission’s Guide for the Jewelry, Precious Metals and Pewter Industries
FTC writes:
23.6 Misrepresentation as to silver content.
(a) It is unfair or deceptive to misrepresent that an industry product contains silver, or to misrepresent an industry product as having a silver content, plating, electroplating, or coating.
(b) It is unfair or deceptive to mark, describe, or otherwise represent all or part of an industry product as "silver," "solid silver," "Sterling Silver," "Sterling," or the abbreviation "Ster." unless it is at least 925/1,000ths pure silver.
(c) It is unfair or deceptive to mark, describe, or otherwise represent all or part of an industry product as "coin" or "coin silver" unless it is at least 900/1,000ths pure silver.
(d) It is unfair or deceptive to mark, describe, or otherwise represent all or part of an industry product as being plated or coated with silver unless all significant surfaces of the product or part contain a plating or coating of silver that is of substantial thickness.8
(e) The provisions of this section relating to markings and descriptions of industry products and parts thereof are subject to the applicable tolerances of the National Stamping Act or any amendment thereof.9
Note 1 to 23.6: The National Stamping Act provides that silverplated articles shall not "be stamped, branded, engraved or imprinted with the word ‘sterling’ or the word ‘coin,’ either alone or in conjunction with other words or marks." 15 U.S.C. 297(a).
Note 2 to 23.6: Exemptions recognized in the assay of silver industry products are listed in the appendix.
More info @ http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.htm
23.6 Misrepresentation as to silver content.
(a) It is unfair or deceptive to misrepresent that an industry product contains silver, or to misrepresent an industry product as having a silver content, plating, electroplating, or coating.
(b) It is unfair or deceptive to mark, describe, or otherwise represent all or part of an industry product as "silver," "solid silver," "Sterling Silver," "Sterling," or the abbreviation "Ster." unless it is at least 925/1,000ths pure silver.
(c) It is unfair or deceptive to mark, describe, or otherwise represent all or part of an industry product as "coin" or "coin silver" unless it is at least 900/1,000ths pure silver.
(d) It is unfair or deceptive to mark, describe, or otherwise represent all or part of an industry product as being plated or coated with silver unless all significant surfaces of the product or part contain a plating or coating of silver that is of substantial thickness.8
(e) The provisions of this section relating to markings and descriptions of industry products and parts thereof are subject to the applicable tolerances of the National Stamping Act or any amendment thereof.9
Note 1 to 23.6: The National Stamping Act provides that silverplated articles shall not "be stamped, branded, engraved or imprinted with the word ‘sterling’ or the word ‘coin,’ either alone or in conjunction with other words or marks." 15 U.S.C. 297(a).
Note 2 to 23.6: Exemptions recognized in the assay of silver industry products are listed in the appendix.
More info @ http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.htm
Gemstone Enhancement
By Kurt Nassau
Butterworths
1984 ISBN 0-408-01447-4
Butterworths writes:
In recent years there has been a tremendous expansion in the use of treatments to enhance the color and appearance of gemstones. This includes various types of irradiation and heat treatments, colorless impregnations, bleaching, dyeing, diffusion, and other processes. Some of these processes date back at least two thousand years, others are of quite recent origin.
Gemstone Enhancement begins with a short account of the history of gemstone treatments, followed by three chapters giving an outline of the technologies of irradiation, heat, and other enhancement processes. A chapter deals with the techniques used in the identification of treated gemstones and the question of disclosure. The core of the book is an extended alphabetical listing of all the gemstones and related materials which have been applied to each. This includes details of the processes used where known, methods of identification, and references to published descriptions. Additional technical details and scientific explanations are given in Appendixes for the interest of the reader.
The book is written for the gemologist to simplify his or her work: by knowing the details of the possible treatment techniques, the treatments that have been applied to the gemstone under study can be more readily recognized. Collectors, dealers, jewelers, appraisers, pawnbrokers and others interested in gemstones will also gain added insight from knowing the range of possible treatments. All the fundamental concepts are covered, so only a general knowledge of gems is required of the reader.
About the author
Kurt Nassau is the author of Gems Made By Man and The Physics and Chemistry Of Color.
Butterworths
1984 ISBN 0-408-01447-4
Butterworths writes:
In recent years there has been a tremendous expansion in the use of treatments to enhance the color and appearance of gemstones. This includes various types of irradiation and heat treatments, colorless impregnations, bleaching, dyeing, diffusion, and other processes. Some of these processes date back at least two thousand years, others are of quite recent origin.
Gemstone Enhancement begins with a short account of the history of gemstone treatments, followed by three chapters giving an outline of the technologies of irradiation, heat, and other enhancement processes. A chapter deals with the techniques used in the identification of treated gemstones and the question of disclosure. The core of the book is an extended alphabetical listing of all the gemstones and related materials which have been applied to each. This includes details of the processes used where known, methods of identification, and references to published descriptions. Additional technical details and scientific explanations are given in Appendixes for the interest of the reader.
The book is written for the gemologist to simplify his or her work: by knowing the details of the possible treatment techniques, the treatments that have been applied to the gemstone under study can be more readily recognized. Collectors, dealers, jewelers, appraisers, pawnbrokers and others interested in gemstones will also gain added insight from knowing the range of possible treatments. All the fundamental concepts are covered, so only a general knowledge of gems is required of the reader.
About the author
Kurt Nassau is the author of Gems Made By Man and The Physics and Chemistry Of Color.
Wednesday, January 31, 2007
Some Like It Hot
Here is a memorable quote from the movie:
Sugar(Marlyn Monroe): Real diamonds! They must be worth their weight in gold!
Sugar(Marlyn Monroe): Real diamonds! They must be worth their weight in gold!
Gem Poetry
Pablo Neruda writes:
When you touch the topaz
the topaz touches you;
Awakening the mellow fire
as the wine in the grape
awakens.
Long before it is born, the clear wine
within the stone
gropes for circulation, asks for words,
delivers its mysterious nutriment,
shares the kiss of the human skin
the contact serene
of stone and human being
enkindling a swift corolla
that later returns to be what it was before:
flesh and stone: entities enemies.
When you touch the topaz
the topaz touches you;
Awakening the mellow fire
as the wine in the grape
awakens.
Long before it is born, the clear wine
within the stone
gropes for circulation, asks for words,
delivers its mysterious nutriment,
shares the kiss of the human skin
the contact serene
of stone and human being
enkindling a swift corolla
that later returns to be what it was before:
flesh and stone: entities enemies.
The Federal Trade Commission’s Guide for the Jewelry, Precious Metals and Pewter Industries
FTC writes:
23.5 Misuse of the word "vermeil."
(a) It is unfair or deceptive to represent, directly or by implication, that an industry product is "vermeil" if such mark or description misrepresents the product's true composition.
(b) An industry product may be described or marked as "vermeil" if it consists of a base of sterling silver coated or plated on all significant surfaces with gold, or gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness, that is of substantial thickness(7) and a minimum thickness throughout equivalent to two and one half (2 1/2) microns (or approximately 100/1,000,000ths of an inch) of fine gold.
Note 1 to 23.5: It is unfair or deceptive to use the term "vermeil" to describe a product in which the sterling silver has been covered with a base metal (such as nickel) plated with gold unless there is a disclosure that the sterling silver is covered with a base metal that is plated with gold.
Note 2 to 23.5: Exemptions recognized in the assay of gold filled, gold overlay, and rolled gold plate industry products are listed in the appendix.
More info @ http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.htm
23.5 Misuse of the word "vermeil."
(a) It is unfair or deceptive to represent, directly or by implication, that an industry product is "vermeil" if such mark or description misrepresents the product's true composition.
(b) An industry product may be described or marked as "vermeil" if it consists of a base of sterling silver coated or plated on all significant surfaces with gold, or gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness, that is of substantial thickness(7) and a minimum thickness throughout equivalent to two and one half (2 1/2) microns (or approximately 100/1,000,000ths of an inch) of fine gold.
Note 1 to 23.5: It is unfair or deceptive to use the term "vermeil" to describe a product in which the sterling silver has been covered with a base metal (such as nickel) plated with gold unless there is a disclosure that the sterling silver is covered with a base metal that is plated with gold.
Note 2 to 23.5: Exemptions recognized in the assay of gold filled, gold overlay, and rolled gold plate industry products are listed in the appendix.
More info @ http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.htm
Gemstones Of The World
By Walter Schumann
Sterling Publishing Co, Inc
Revised and Expanded Edition
Sterling Publishing Co writes:
Gemstones of the world, the definitive guide to gems for over 20 years, takes the mystery out of appreciating, buying, and selling all kinds. It covers everything from the romance and history of more than 1400 gemstones to their geographic locations, scientific, physical, and color properties, and the way they are formed, structured, and mined. With many charts and diagrams, Schumann offers full coverage of the optical features of gems—light and color, luminescence, refraction, and inclusions—and about densities and the chemical elements of each stone, with fascinating details on different cuts, polishing, synthetic and imitation gems, hardness, cleavage, classification, trade names, rarity, and much more—all with an easy-to-understand text. And then there are the magnificent photographs of the stones themselves in brilliant full color, with full data on the facing page. If you wanted only one book on gemstones in your library, this would be the one!
Sterling Publishing Co, Inc
Revised and Expanded Edition
Sterling Publishing Co writes:
Gemstones of the world, the definitive guide to gems for over 20 years, takes the mystery out of appreciating, buying, and selling all kinds. It covers everything from the romance and history of more than 1400 gemstones to their geographic locations, scientific, physical, and color properties, and the way they are formed, structured, and mined. With many charts and diagrams, Schumann offers full coverage of the optical features of gems—light and color, luminescence, refraction, and inclusions—and about densities and the chemical elements of each stone, with fascinating details on different cuts, polishing, synthetic and imitation gems, hardness, cleavage, classification, trade names, rarity, and much more—all with an easy-to-understand text. And then there are the magnificent photographs of the stones themselves in brilliant full color, with full data on the facing page. If you wanted only one book on gemstones in your library, this would be the one!
Wall Street Movie
Memorable quote (s) from the movie:
Bud Fox (Charlie Sheen): How much is enough?
Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas): It's not a question of enough, pal. It's a zero sum game, somebody wins, somebody loses. Money itself isn't lost or made, it's simply transferred from one perception to another.
Bud Fox (Charlie Sheen): How much is enough?
Gordon Gekko (Michael Douglas): It's not a question of enough, pal. It's a zero sum game, somebody wins, somebody loses. Money itself isn't lost or made, it's simply transferred from one perception to another.
The Federal Trade Commission’s Guide for the Jewelry, Precious Metals and Pewter Industries
FTC writes:
23.4 Misrepresentation as to gold content.
(a) It is unfair or deceptive to misrepresent the presence of gold or gold alloy in an industry product, or the quantity or karat fineness of gold or gold alloy contained in the product, or the karat fineness, thickness, weight ratio, or manner of application of any gold or gold alloy plating, covering, or coating on any surface of an industry product or part thereof.
(b) The following are examples of markings or descriptions that may be misleading:2
(1) Use of the word "Gold" or any abbreviation, without qualification, to describe all or part of an industry product, which is not composed throughout of fine (24 karat) gold.
(2) Use of the word "Gold" or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product composed throughout of an alloy of gold, unless a correct designation of the karat fineness of the alloy immediately precedes the word "Gold" or its abbreviation, and such fineness designation is of at least equal conspicuousness.
(3) Use of the word "Gold" or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product that is not composed throughout of gold or a gold alloy, but is surface-plated or coated with gold alloy, unless the word "Gold" or its abbreviation is adequately qualified to indicate that the product or part is only surface-plated.
(4) Use of the term "Gold Plate," "Gold Plated," or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product unless such product or part contains a surface-plating of gold alloy, applied by any process, which is of such thickness and extent of surface coverage that reasonable durability is assured.
(5) Use of the terms "Gold Filled," "Rolled Gold Plate," "Rolled Gold Plated," "Gold Overlay," or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product unless such product or part contains a surface-plating of gold alloy applied by a mechanical process and of such thickness and extent of surface coverage that reasonable durability is assured, and unless the term is immediately preceded by a correct designation of the karat fineness of the alloy that is of at least equal conspicuousness as the term used.
(6) Use of the terms "Gold Plate," "Gold Plated," "Gold Filled," "Rolled Gold Plate," "Rolled Gold Plated," "Gold Overlay,'' or any abbreviation to describe a product in which the layer of gold plating has been covered with a base metal (such as nickel), which is covered with a thin wash of gold, unless there is a disclosure that the primary gold coating is covered with a base metal, which is gold washed.
(7) Use of the term "Gold Electroplate," "Gold Electroplated," or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product unless such product or part is electroplated with gold or a gold alloy and such electroplating is of such karat fineness, thickness, and extent of surface coverage that reasonable durability is assured.
(8) Use of any name, terminology, or other term to misrepresent that an industry product is equal or superior to, or different than, a known and established type of industry product with reference to its gold content or method of manufacture.
(9) Use of the word "Gold" or any abbreviation, or of a quality mark implying gold content (e.g., 9 karat), to describe all or part of an industry product that is composed throughout of an alloy of gold of less than 10 karat fineness.
Note to paragraph (b) § 23.4: The provisions regarding the use of the word "Gold," or any abbreviation, as described above, are applicable to "Duragold," "Diragold," "Noblegold," "Goldine," "Layered Gold," or any words or terms of similar meaning.
(c) The following are examples of markings and descriptions that are consistent with the principles described above:
(1) An industry product or part thereof, composed throughout of an alloy of gold of not less than 10 karat fineness, may be marked and described as "Gold" when such word "Gold," wherever appearing, is immediately preceded by a correct designation of the karat fineness of the alloy, and such karat designation is of equal conspicuousness as the word "Gold" (for example, "14 Karat Gold," "14 K. Gold," or "14 Kt. Gold"). Such product may also be marked and described by a designation of the karat fineness of the gold alloy unaccompanied by the word "Gold" (for example, "14 Karat," "14 Kt.," or "14 K.").
Note to paragraph (c)(1): Use of the term "Gold'' or any abbreviation to describe all or part of a product that is composed throughout of gold alloy, but contains a hollow center or interior, may mislead consumers, unless the fact that the product contains a hollow center is disclosed in immediate proximity to the term "Gold'' or its abbreviation (for example, "14 Karat Gold-Hollow Center," or "14 K. Gold Tubing," when of a gold alloy tubing of such karat fineness). Such products should not be marked or described as "solid" or as being solidly of gold or of a gold alloy. For example, when the composition of such a product is 14 karat gold alloy, it should not be described or marked as either "14 Kt. Solid Gold" or as "Solid 14 Kt. Gold."
(2) An industry product or part thereof, on which there has been affixed on all significant surfaces, by any process, a coating, electroplating, or deposition by any means, of gold or gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness that is of substantial thickness,3 and the minimum thickness throughout of which is equivalent to one-half micron (or approximately 20 millionths of an inch) of fine gold,4 may be marked or described as "Gold Plate" or "Gold Plated," or abbreviated, as, for example, G.P. The exact thickness of the plate may be marked on the item, if it is immediately followed by a designation of the karat fineness of the plating which is of equal conspicuousness as the term used (as, for example, "2 microns 12 K. gold plate" or "2µ 12 K. G.P." for an item plated with 2 microns of 12 karat gold.)
Note paragraph (c)(2) to paragraph (b): If an industry product has a thicker coating or electroplating of gold or gold alloy on some areas than others, the minimum thickness of the plate should be marked.
(3) An industry product or part thereof on which there has been affixed on all significant surfaces by soldering, brazing, welding, or other mechanical means, a plating of gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness and of substantial thickness5 may be marked or described as "Gold Filled," "Gold Overlay," "Rolled Gold Plate"or an adequate abbreviation, when such plating constitutes at least 1/20th of the weight of the metal in the entire article and when the term is immediately preceded by a designation of the karat fineness of the plating which is of equal conspicuousness as the term used (for example, "14 Karat Gold Filled," "14 Kt. Gold Filled," "14 Kt. G.F.," "14 Kt. Gold Overlay," or "14K. R.G.P."). When conforming to all such requirements except the specified minimum of 1/20th of the weight of the metal in the entire article, the terms "Gold Overlay" and "Rolled Gold Plate" may be used when the karat fineness designation is immediately preceded by a fraction accurately disclosing the portion of the weight of the metal in the entire article accounted for by the plating, and when such fraction is of equal conspicuousness as the term used (for example, "1/40th 12 Kt. Rolled Gold Plate" or "1/40 12 Kt. R.G.P.").
(4) An industry product or part thereof, on which there has been affixed on all significant surfaces by an electrolytic process, an electroplating of gold, or of a gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness, which has a minimum thickness throughout equivalent to .175 microns (approximately 7/1,000,000ths of an inch) of fine gold, may be marked or described as "Gold Electroplate" or "Gold Electroplated," or abbreviated, as, for example, "G.E.P." When the electroplating meets the minimum fineness but not the minimum thickness specified above, the marking or description may be "Gold Flashed" or "Gold Washed." When the electroplating is of the minimum fineness specified above and of a minimum thickness throughout equivalent to two and one half (2 1/2) microns (or approximately 100/1,000,000ths of an inch) of fine gold, the marking or description may be "Heavy Gold Electroplate" or "Heavy Gold Electroplated." When electroplatings qualify for the term "Gold Electroplate" (or "Gold Electroplated"), or the term "Heavy Gold Electroplate" (or "Heavy Gold Electroplated"), and have been applied by use of a particular kind of electrolytic process, the marking may be accompanied by identification of the process used, as for example, "Gold Electroplated (X Process)" or "Heavy Gold Electroplated (Y Process)."
(d) The provisions of this section relating to markings and descriptions of industry products and parts thereof are subject to the applicable tolerances of the National Stamping Act or any amendment thereof.6
Note 4 to paragraph (d): Exemptions recognized in the assay of karat gold industry products and in the assay of gold filled, gold overlay, and rolled gold plate industry products, and not to be considered in any assay for quality, are listed in the appendix.
More info @ http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.htm
23.4 Misrepresentation as to gold content.
(a) It is unfair or deceptive to misrepresent the presence of gold or gold alloy in an industry product, or the quantity or karat fineness of gold or gold alloy contained in the product, or the karat fineness, thickness, weight ratio, or manner of application of any gold or gold alloy plating, covering, or coating on any surface of an industry product or part thereof.
(b) The following are examples of markings or descriptions that may be misleading:2
(1) Use of the word "Gold" or any abbreviation, without qualification, to describe all or part of an industry product, which is not composed throughout of fine (24 karat) gold.
(2) Use of the word "Gold" or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product composed throughout of an alloy of gold, unless a correct designation of the karat fineness of the alloy immediately precedes the word "Gold" or its abbreviation, and such fineness designation is of at least equal conspicuousness.
(3) Use of the word "Gold" or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product that is not composed throughout of gold or a gold alloy, but is surface-plated or coated with gold alloy, unless the word "Gold" or its abbreviation is adequately qualified to indicate that the product or part is only surface-plated.
(4) Use of the term "Gold Plate," "Gold Plated," or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product unless such product or part contains a surface-plating of gold alloy, applied by any process, which is of such thickness and extent of surface coverage that reasonable durability is assured.
(5) Use of the terms "Gold Filled," "Rolled Gold Plate," "Rolled Gold Plated," "Gold Overlay," or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product unless such product or part contains a surface-plating of gold alloy applied by a mechanical process and of such thickness and extent of surface coverage that reasonable durability is assured, and unless the term is immediately preceded by a correct designation of the karat fineness of the alloy that is of at least equal conspicuousness as the term used.
(6) Use of the terms "Gold Plate," "Gold Plated," "Gold Filled," "Rolled Gold Plate," "Rolled Gold Plated," "Gold Overlay,'' or any abbreviation to describe a product in which the layer of gold plating has been covered with a base metal (such as nickel), which is covered with a thin wash of gold, unless there is a disclosure that the primary gold coating is covered with a base metal, which is gold washed.
(7) Use of the term "Gold Electroplate," "Gold Electroplated," or any abbreviation to describe all or part of an industry product unless such product or part is electroplated with gold or a gold alloy and such electroplating is of such karat fineness, thickness, and extent of surface coverage that reasonable durability is assured.
(8) Use of any name, terminology, or other term to misrepresent that an industry product is equal or superior to, or different than, a known and established type of industry product with reference to its gold content or method of manufacture.
(9) Use of the word "Gold" or any abbreviation, or of a quality mark implying gold content (e.g., 9 karat), to describe all or part of an industry product that is composed throughout of an alloy of gold of less than 10 karat fineness.
Note to paragraph (b) § 23.4: The provisions regarding the use of the word "Gold," or any abbreviation, as described above, are applicable to "Duragold," "Diragold," "Noblegold," "Goldine," "Layered Gold," or any words or terms of similar meaning.
(c) The following are examples of markings and descriptions that are consistent with the principles described above:
(1) An industry product or part thereof, composed throughout of an alloy of gold of not less than 10 karat fineness, may be marked and described as "Gold" when such word "Gold," wherever appearing, is immediately preceded by a correct designation of the karat fineness of the alloy, and such karat designation is of equal conspicuousness as the word "Gold" (for example, "14 Karat Gold," "14 K. Gold," or "14 Kt. Gold"). Such product may also be marked and described by a designation of the karat fineness of the gold alloy unaccompanied by the word "Gold" (for example, "14 Karat," "14 Kt.," or "14 K.").
Note to paragraph (c)(1): Use of the term "Gold'' or any abbreviation to describe all or part of a product that is composed throughout of gold alloy, but contains a hollow center or interior, may mislead consumers, unless the fact that the product contains a hollow center is disclosed in immediate proximity to the term "Gold'' or its abbreviation (for example, "14 Karat Gold-Hollow Center," or "14 K. Gold Tubing," when of a gold alloy tubing of such karat fineness). Such products should not be marked or described as "solid" or as being solidly of gold or of a gold alloy. For example, when the composition of such a product is 14 karat gold alloy, it should not be described or marked as either "14 Kt. Solid Gold" or as "Solid 14 Kt. Gold."
(2) An industry product or part thereof, on which there has been affixed on all significant surfaces, by any process, a coating, electroplating, or deposition by any means, of gold or gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness that is of substantial thickness,3 and the minimum thickness throughout of which is equivalent to one-half micron (or approximately 20 millionths of an inch) of fine gold,4 may be marked or described as "Gold Plate" or "Gold Plated," or abbreviated, as, for example, G.P. The exact thickness of the plate may be marked on the item, if it is immediately followed by a designation of the karat fineness of the plating which is of equal conspicuousness as the term used (as, for example, "2 microns 12 K. gold plate" or "2µ 12 K. G.P." for an item plated with 2 microns of 12 karat gold.)
Note paragraph (c)(2) to paragraph (b): If an industry product has a thicker coating or electroplating of gold or gold alloy on some areas than others, the minimum thickness of the plate should be marked.
(3) An industry product or part thereof on which there has been affixed on all significant surfaces by soldering, brazing, welding, or other mechanical means, a plating of gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness and of substantial thickness5 may be marked or described as "Gold Filled," "Gold Overlay," "Rolled Gold Plate"or an adequate abbreviation, when such plating constitutes at least 1/20th of the weight of the metal in the entire article and when the term is immediately preceded by a designation of the karat fineness of the plating which is of equal conspicuousness as the term used (for example, "14 Karat Gold Filled," "14 Kt. Gold Filled," "14 Kt. G.F.," "14 Kt. Gold Overlay," or "14K. R.G.P."). When conforming to all such requirements except the specified minimum of 1/20th of the weight of the metal in the entire article, the terms "Gold Overlay" and "Rolled Gold Plate" may be used when the karat fineness designation is immediately preceded by a fraction accurately disclosing the portion of the weight of the metal in the entire article accounted for by the plating, and when such fraction is of equal conspicuousness as the term used (for example, "1/40th 12 Kt. Rolled Gold Plate" or "1/40 12 Kt. R.G.P.").
(4) An industry product or part thereof, on which there has been affixed on all significant surfaces by an electrolytic process, an electroplating of gold, or of a gold alloy of not less than 10 karat fineness, which has a minimum thickness throughout equivalent to .175 microns (approximately 7/1,000,000ths of an inch) of fine gold, may be marked or described as "Gold Electroplate" or "Gold Electroplated," or abbreviated, as, for example, "G.E.P." When the electroplating meets the minimum fineness but not the minimum thickness specified above, the marking or description may be "Gold Flashed" or "Gold Washed." When the electroplating is of the minimum fineness specified above and of a minimum thickness throughout equivalent to two and one half (2 1/2) microns (or approximately 100/1,000,000ths of an inch) of fine gold, the marking or description may be "Heavy Gold Electroplate" or "Heavy Gold Electroplated." When electroplatings qualify for the term "Gold Electroplate" (or "Gold Electroplated"), or the term "Heavy Gold Electroplate" (or "Heavy Gold Electroplated"), and have been applied by use of a particular kind of electrolytic process, the marking may be accompanied by identification of the process used, as for example, "Gold Electroplated (X Process)" or "Heavy Gold Electroplated (Y Process)."
(d) The provisions of this section relating to markings and descriptions of industry products and parts thereof are subject to the applicable tolerances of the National Stamping Act or any amendment thereof.6
Note 4 to paragraph (d): Exemptions recognized in the assay of karat gold industry products and in the assay of gold filled, gold overlay, and rolled gold plate industry products, and not to be considered in any assay for quality, are listed in the appendix.
More info @ http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.htm
Tuesday, January 30, 2007
Blood Diamond Movie
Here is a memorable quote from the movie:
Danny Archer (Leonardo DiCaprio): In America, it's bling bling. But out here it's bling bang.
Danny Archer (Leonardo DiCaprio): In America, it's bling bling. But out here it's bling bang.
Gem Poetry
Pablo Neruda writes:
I invite you to topaz
to the hive
of the yellow stone
to its bees
to the honey congealed
of the topaz
to its day of gold
to the family
of tranquility reverberant;
we are talking of a church
minimal, settled in a flower
like a bee, like
the structure of the sun, leaf of autumn
of the deepest yellow,
of the tree burning
ray to ray, lightning to corolla,
insect and honey and autumn
transformed in the salt of the sun:
this honey, this trembling of the world,
this wheat of the sky
worked out till it converted
to tranquil sun, in pallid topaz.
I invite you to topaz
to the hive
of the yellow stone
to its bees
to the honey congealed
of the topaz
to its day of gold
to the family
of tranquility reverberant;
we are talking of a church
minimal, settled in a flower
like a bee, like
the structure of the sun, leaf of autumn
of the deepest yellow,
of the tree burning
ray to ray, lightning to corolla,
insect and honey and autumn
transformed in the salt of the sun:
this honey, this trembling of the world,
this wheat of the sky
worked out till it converted
to tranquil sun, in pallid topaz.
The Pearl King
By Robert Eunson
1955 Greenberg: Publisher
55-10964
Greenberg writes:
The life story of a street peddler of noodles and sea food who became one of Japan’s richest and most beloved men.
Born in Toba on the southern coast of Japan, Mikimoto became acutely aware of the depletion of the once rich pearl fisheries off the shores of his village. Toward the end of the last century he began experiments to induce oysters to produce pearls. After twelve years of costly and discouraging failures, he hit upon the secret of inserting a granule of mother-of-pearl into the flesh of a three-year-old oyster. The defense mechanism of the oyster then coated the granule until it became a smooth, round pearl.
By 1913, Mikimoto had produced cultured pearls that were outwardly indistinguishable from natural ones. He created a sensation in the pearl marts of the world by offering his pearls at one quarter of the current price. Only a special x-ray machine could detect the difference between Mikimoto’s pearls and the natural ones.
Mikomoto pearl salons were opened in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, New York, Paris, Bombay, Shanghai, and Kobe. At the height of his career, Mikimoto had 12 million oysters producing 75 percent of the world’s pearls.
But the Pearl King is not merely the story of the birth and growth of a bizarre and gigantic commercial enterprise; it is also the story of the simple, lovable man who discovered the secret and built the business. So astounding were the reports and rumors about him that people came from far corners of the earth to visit him on his almost legendary Pearl Island.
Until he was almost 90 he entertained his factory workers with his juggling feats and conjuring magic. At 94, he was still hale and hearty, still actively managing his business.
Always a great friend and admirer of the United States, Mikimoto refused to support the Japanese warlords during World War II. He spent the war years in seclusion with his family on Pearl Island.
All in all, The Pearl King is one of the most unusual biographies of our century.
1955 Greenberg: Publisher
55-10964
Greenberg writes:
The life story of a street peddler of noodles and sea food who became one of Japan’s richest and most beloved men.
Born in Toba on the southern coast of Japan, Mikimoto became acutely aware of the depletion of the once rich pearl fisheries off the shores of his village. Toward the end of the last century he began experiments to induce oysters to produce pearls. After twelve years of costly and discouraging failures, he hit upon the secret of inserting a granule of mother-of-pearl into the flesh of a three-year-old oyster. The defense mechanism of the oyster then coated the granule until it became a smooth, round pearl.
By 1913, Mikimoto had produced cultured pearls that were outwardly indistinguishable from natural ones. He created a sensation in the pearl marts of the world by offering his pearls at one quarter of the current price. Only a special x-ray machine could detect the difference between Mikimoto’s pearls and the natural ones.
Mikomoto pearl salons were opened in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, New York, Paris, Bombay, Shanghai, and Kobe. At the height of his career, Mikimoto had 12 million oysters producing 75 percent of the world’s pearls.
But the Pearl King is not merely the story of the birth and growth of a bizarre and gigantic commercial enterprise; it is also the story of the simple, lovable man who discovered the secret and built the business. So astounding were the reports and rumors about him that people came from far corners of the earth to visit him on his almost legendary Pearl Island.
Until he was almost 90 he entertained his factory workers with his juggling feats and conjuring magic. At 94, he was still hale and hearty, still actively managing his business.
Always a great friend and admirer of the United States, Mikimoto refused to support the Japanese warlords during World War II. He spent the war years in seclusion with his family on Pearl Island.
All in all, The Pearl King is one of the most unusual biographies of our century.
Monday, January 29, 2007
Gem Poetry
Pablo Neruda writes:
Here is the tree in the pure stone,
in the evidence, in the durable beauty
formed over a hundred million years.
Agate and carnelian and luminaries
replaced saps and wood
till the trunk of the giant
rejected the damp putrefaction
and amalgamated a parallel statue
the living foliage
stripped itself
and when the vertical was flattened,
consumed the forest, the igneous pall,
the celestial ashes covered it
till time and lava bestowed
a guerdon of transparent stone.
Here is the tree in the pure stone,
in the evidence, in the durable beauty
formed over a hundred million years.
Agate and carnelian and luminaries
replaced saps and wood
till the trunk of the giant
rejected the damp putrefaction
and amalgamated a parallel statue
the living foliage
stripped itself
and when the vertical was flattened,
consumed the forest, the igneous pall,
the celestial ashes covered it
till time and lava bestowed
a guerdon of transparent stone.
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