Realism And Impressionism In France

(via The Outline of Art) William Orpen writes:

Claude Monet, who is still alive, has also seen pictures he sold for £4 bring thousands of pounds in America and elsewhere. Devoting himself to the painting of landscapes in bright sunlight, he has carried the pitch of painting into a higher key than any artist before him had done. ‘Pine Tree at Antibes’ is a beautiful example of his style at its maturity; radiant colors are laid side by side in small broken touches to suggest the vibration of light, while the decorative arrangement shows that Monet also has taken hints for design from the artists of Japan. Light is always the ‘principal person’ in Monet’s landscape, and since he is always aiming at seizing a fugitive effect, he has insisted on consistency of illumination at particular hours of the day and season. With this object be adopted, since the early eighties, a habit of painting the same subject under different conditions of light. He would set our early in the monrning with a carriage-load of canvases, and arriving at his destination he would start his day’s work, changing his canvas every couple of hours as the light changed. In this way he painted a series of views, all of the same subject, but all different in color and lighting. Among the most famous of these series are those known as ‘Haystacks,’ ‘The Poplars,’ ‘The Thames at Waterloo Bridge,’ ‘Rouen Cathedral,’ and ‘Waterlilies,’ the last being a scene in his own riverside garden at Giverny. When he was a young man M Monet once said, ‘I want to paint as a bird sings,’ and all his pictures have this delicious lyrical quality. While he adopted the rainbow palette and the technique of the small touch—‘the procedure by the touch’ as it is called in France—Monet has never been dogmatic in his use of divisionism.

The elaboration of Divisionism into a rigid scientific theory of painting was the work principally of two younger men; Georges Seurat (1859-91) and the living artist Paul Signac, born at Paris in 1863. But for his early death would have obtained a foremost place in modern art. It was Seurat about 1880 who definitely established the superiority, for the purposes of brilliance and intensity, of ‘optical blending’ to actual blending on the palette. The division of tones, which are never more than a convenience to painters like Monet and Sisley, became a law not to be departed from in the work of Seurat and Signac. This new scientific development of Impressionism became known as ‘neo-Impressionism.’ For a time Pissarro also practised this method of Divisionism with scrupulous exactness, but eventually he adopted a broader and freer manner, though still retaining the general principle of divided color. In addition to Seurat and Signac, the chief exponents of neo-Impressionism have been Henri-Edmond Cross (1856-1910) and the living Belgian painter, Théo van Rysselberg. This method of painting and the scientific theories on which it is based are fully described in M Paul Signac’s book D’Eugène Delacroix au Néo-Impressionisme (Paris, 1898).

Realism And Impressionism In France (continued)